DNA, Deadlines, and Drafts: A Reflection on the Writing Process 

silver pen on white paper

Throughout middle school, high school, and even my freshman year of college, my writing process was a mystery to me.

Whenever an assignment was almost due, I would sit down in front of my computer, open a new Google Doc and write until I had reached the word count or page limit. I didn’t plan or refine my ideas in advance; the most deliberation I gave was when I read over the assignment details and grading rubric. I would take a moment to organize my thoughts into a single bullet point — a proto-thesis statement of sorts — before beginning to write, calmly pressing out line after line, stacking paragraph on top of paragraph, until I had finished. My points and ideas followed each other meekly in my mind; all I had to do was pull one from my head to the page and the next logical thought came right behind it. Maybe I’d glance over my work once before pressing the “submit” button, but by the time I had closed the tab, I’d forgotten all about the paper entirely. I was totally unaware of variations in the writing process, and I never questioned my serene, machine-like approach. It was only during the second semester of my college sophomore year that I began to learn about the writing process and, as a result, began to understand myself as a writer a little more.

In 1981, Betty Flowers, a Professor of English at the University of Texas, Austin, published an article describing stages of the writing process as four different characters, each with their own personalities: the madman, the architect, the carpenter, and the judge. The article explains that blocks in the creative process can be thought of as the conflict between the madman and the judge: “…two competing energies… locked horn to horn, pushing against each other” (834). The madman is pure creativity, someone who is “…full of ideas, writes crazily and perhaps sloppily”, who “…could turn out ten pages an hour”, while the judge is “a kind of critical energy” who is utterly incapable of generating new ideas; “…for all his sharpness of eye, he can’t create anything” (834).

Reading this article was eye-opening to me. I had never considered that an alternate writing process existed, especially such an emotional and charged process. Writing seemed like such an exciting and dangerous activity when I thought about these four characters slugging it out in the dusty saloon of my brain, and I was disappointed to discover that my process had no traces of any of them. While my classmates described their processes as ancient labyrinths with Minotaurs, or comfy old friends, or wild jungle beasts to wrestle with, my writing process just felt like an old player piano, clicking out notes with precision and rhythm, but with no actual vibrancy, no sort of soul or life. That unhappy thought lodged in my brain, gathering dust on the floor of that empty saloon, until some time later, a new assignment arrived in town and shook everything up. 

The assignment seemed simple enough from the outset, a mere reflection on my writing habits, but unlike before, I didn’t leave it until the eleventh hour to begin. I spent time thinking, mulling over the Flowers article I had read, pondering classmates’ discussion points, and engaging in deep introspection. I ransacked that old abandoned brain-saloon, turning over tables, kicking over chairs, breaking down locked doors, until I found something. I began to finally understand my writing process, and why it seemed so different than the ones Flowers and my classmates had described. All it took was a trip into the hard sciences.

While I enjoy writing, both academic and creative, I am a biology major, and it was a topic in biology that most closely resembles my writing process. DNA is a molecule present in all living things, and acts as the blueprint for every aspect of life; every cell and tissue and organ in your body. It is absolutely essential; without it, we would cease to exist. Because of its absolute importance, every time a cell tries to duplicate itself to create more cells, that cell’s DNA first has to be copied. This process, known as DNA replication, is done by first splitting the DNA molecule in half lengthwise, before a small protein called polymerase attaches to each half and fills in the missing pieces, traveling down the length of the DNA like a zipper until it reaches the end and the cell contains two healthy DNA molecules.

This little polymerase protein is exactly how my writing process works; instead of having the madman, architect, carpenter and judge work on the paper, I figure out how I want to start my assignment in my head, then fill in the holes and missing pieces as I go; methodically moving down through the introduction, body paragraphs, and finally the conclusion. My process isn’t lively, but it lets me hold on to my train of thought easily while still having enough space to keep my own voice in my work.

While I don’t have the same process as Flowers, with her squad of tiny writing people, or my classmates, with their lively, creative journeys, I’ve learned to love my little paper polymerases. Instead of a player piano, I feel more involved, instead of mechanical and robotic, I feel meticulous and tidy. My confidence and enjoyment in writing has soared; no longer is writing a chore to be put off and procrastinated until absolutely necessary. Instead, I now look forward to sitting down at my computer, pulling up my Google Doc, and letting my writing proteins get to work.

Help! I Have to Take an Essay Exam!

Maybe you hate writing and you’re better at multiple choice. Maybe you crushed your last two papers but your brain freezes under a time limit. Maybe the last time you wrote a timed essay was during the AP exam and all you can remember is scribbling as fast as you could until your hand cramped and your pinky turned blue from the ink. Essay exams can be challenging, but learning a few strategies for success can help you approach them with confidence.

You might be wondering, why do professors choose essay exams? Written exams allow you to demonstrate your understanding of key course ideas and show your capacity to engage with those ideas critically and analytically. Keep that important purpose in mind as you prepare.

How do I know what to expect?

Essay exams can vary, so you should read the syllabus and talk to your professor about the exam format. Is there one long essay? Several shorter ones? A multiple-choice section? Some kind of mash-up of everything? Is it open or closed note? Is there a choice of prompts? Are they provided in advance? What’s the time limit? Are there examples of successful in-class essays from previous years?

How should I study?

Study experts recommend that you start preparing the first day of class and avoid cramming. Your memory of the material will be more durable if you study consistently and leave plenty of time for repetition and reinforcement.

As the exam date approaches, your professor might preview the essay question or provide a list of possible prompts. In that case, review the relevant course materials and create an outline for each question that identifies a central argument and organizes evidence to support it.

When you don’t receive questions in advance, you can work to anticipate them (a good study method for all kinds of exams):

  • Think about what ideas your professor emphasized. What points came up repeatedly?
  • Look at the course syllabus. What themes are outlined?
  • Observe patterns of questions in prior tests.
  • Brainstorm questions with a study group.

Once you’ve anticipated some questions, review your notes and collect examples from readings, lectures, and discussions that you can use as evidence. Talking through this material with a study group can make the work faster and more effective: together, you’ll work on recall, synthesize the material, and draw connections between different readings, concepts, themes, etc. Organize your notes to support each prompt with a clear argument and evidence.

If it’s your first timed essay in a while, or you’re nervous about writing under pressure, practice timing yourself. Pick a topic and set a timer for five minutes. Write whatever comes to mind about that topic without backspacing or crossing things out. The important thing is to keep moving forward. If the test is handwritten, do this exercise by hand to get a feel for writing fast.

How much do I actually need to write?

Your professor will probably tell you, “write enough to answer the question.” How many points do you need to support your argument? How much supporting evidence do you have time to talk about? The time limit can also give you an idea of how much your professor expects. If you have three hours to write, your essay will be a lot longer and more complex than if you have less than an hour or multiple essays.

How should I manage my time?

Take the first 10% of the time to plan (5-6 minutes for an hour exam, 10-12 for a two hour exam, etc.).

First, preview the entire exam. Then apportion your time, allowing more time for longer, more complex questions or those worth more points. Start with the easiest questions and then move on to the harder ones. Careful time management is critical. Pay attention to the clock and make sure you leave some time for each question.

Read individual questions carefully and underline keywords. Notice when a question has multiple parts, and make sure you address each one. On scratch paper, quickly jot down useful points to help you answer the question, and then draft a thesis. It should be clear, direct, and argumentative. Write down the key points you want to make and specific evidence to support your thesis. You’ll end up with a rough outline that you can reference as you write.

Decide how you want to allot your time for individual questions. You could have a half-way checkpoint (I’ll have three paragraphs finished at 25 minutes), or, divide the time by section (I’ll spend 7 minutes on each paragraph). Save 5 minutes or so for the conclusion. Once your planning time is done, go ahead and start writing, even if you haven’t finished deciding how to address each point.

How should I structure my essay?

Start with a brief introduction. You need just enough context to explain your thesis, which should be clearly stated. Make sure your argument flows logically throughout your supporting paragraphs, and that you incorporate sufficient evidence. Remember the basic rule that one paragraph equals one idea.

If the exam is open book, you can include paraphrases and quotations, citing specific points. In each paragraph, clearly explain how each point ties back to your thesis. You might also address a counterargument to make your paper stronger.

End with a conclusion that emphasizes the implications (the “so what?”) of your argument.

As you write, reference your outline and check the clock to make sure you’re on track. If you fall behind schedule, either cut one of the points you plan to write and make sure your other points are really strong, or shorten your last couple of points. If you get stuck, try moving on to a different section and come back at the end. The conclusion can also be short: tie your points together and re-state your argument. If you don’t have time to look back over your essay, re-read your intro to make sure your thesis reflects what you’ve actually written in the paper. You may need to amend it slightly.

Things to remember:

First, your professor isn’t looking for a perfectly polished essay. They know you haven’t had weeks to revise. Prioritize the content over sounding pretty.

Second, don’t panic! If you find yourself in an anxious spiral, take a mini break. Look away from the paper. Take a breath. Take apart your pen and put it back together. Whatever calms your mind for 30 seconds. Then, refocus.

Third, when you finish the exam, try not to over-analyze what you could have done differently or compare the amount you wrote to your classmates. Be proud that you did it.

Finally, the WCC will be with you in spirit. You’ve got this!

Renaming the Writing Center

Two students work together with a laptop and papers.

Have you heard about our new name? Since 1987, we have been called the W&M Writing Resources Center. Lately, however, we have been deep in conversation about our mission and purpose in the university. These discussions have inspired us to adjust our name to match our current practices and our aspirations. We are now the Writing and Communication Center!

Our new name better conveys our role in William & Mary’s dynamic communication environment.

For years, our writing center has helped not only with traditional written assignments but also with multimedia projects and presentations. Many students, however, do not know that we offer services beyond traditional academic essays or research papers. We believe that names hold value and that this new name better reflects our mission to help students with all their academic communication needs. We want the WCC to be a space for strengthening essays, podcasts, presentations, posters, and more!  

Our name change also looks to the future.

We are committed to helping the WCC grow and adapt with the evolving communication needs of our academic community. 

We are still the same student-focused, collaborative learning environment you know and love.

When you make an appointment for a session at the WCC, you will find the same inviting space and friendly faces. You can expect the same care and dedication from our peer consultants. Whether your assignment is a rhetorical analysis, a video essay, or a digital timeline, we look forward to an engaging conversation about your work. Welcome to the Writing and Communication Center!